{"id":4068,"date":"2024-09-28T10:38:56","date_gmt":"2024-09-28T08:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/?page_id=4068"},"modified":"2024-10-19T22:57:27","modified_gmt":"2024-10-19T20:57:27","slug":"detektor-elektricky-nabitych-castic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/?page_id=4068","title":{"rendered":"DETEKTOR ELEKTRICKY NABIT\u00ddCH \u010c\u00c1STIC"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DETEKTOR ELEKTRO-STATICK\u00c9 ELEKT\u0158INY VE VZDUCHU A VSUDE KOLEM N\u00c1S<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zapojen\u00ed funguje jednodu\u0161e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159es rezistor u ant\u00e9ny se omez\u00ed v\u00fdkon n\u00e1boje, kter\u00fd je n\u00e1sledn\u011b zes\u00edlen 3 tranzistory v Darlingtonovu zapojen\u00ed ( zes\u00edlen\u00ed tranzistor\u016f se n\u00e1sob\u00ed ) – ( 3x NPN pro kladn\u00e9 n\u00e1boje a 3x PNP pro z\u00e1porn\u00e9 n\u00e1boje ) a n\u00e1sledn\u011b blikne led.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro zaj\u00edmavost zapoj\u00edte-li v tomto zapojen\u00ed nap\u0159. 6x NPN tak v\u00e1m bude takov\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed detekovat p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010dlov\u011bka na 0,5-1,5 metru, nebo dokonce pr\u016flet v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho hmyzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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SEZNAM SOU\u010c\u00c1STEK<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Q1,Q2,Q3…… BC547 ( NPN )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Q4,Q5,Q6…… BC556 ( PNP )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R1,R2………….. 8M2 ( m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nap\u0159. 5M6 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R4,R6………….. 1K<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed baterie 9V<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2x ant\u00e9na 10-15cm Cu dr\u00e1t<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tento jednoduch\u00fd detektor um\u00ed detekovat n\u00e1boje statick\u00e9 elektr\u0159iny a to kladn\u00e9 i z\u00e1porn\u00e9. Pro kladn\u00e9 standartn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me \u010dervenou led a pro z\u00e1porn\u00e9 zelenou, nebo modrou led.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Detektor d\u00e1le um\u00ed detekovat elektrick\u00e9 polem v kabelu pod nap\u011bt\u00edm a to tak, \u017ee ob\u011b sv\u011bteln\u00e9 diody sv\u00edt\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ur\u010dit\u011b jste si ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u0161iml, \u017ee V\u00e1m ob\u010das d\u00e1 elektrickou r\u00e1nu klika, nebo dokonce i svetr, nebo prav\u00edtko. Proto\u017ee elektro-statick\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina je v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1d a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mohou b\u00fdt jej\u00ed n\u00e1boje ve svetru, stole i rostlin\u011b nez\u00e1visle na tom, zda se jedn\u00e1 o elektricky vodiv\u00fd mater\u00e1l, nebo nevodiv\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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V\u00fdrobn\u00ed soubory pro PCB ke sta\u017een\u00ed ZDE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

detektor kladn\u00fdch a z\u00e1porn\u00fdch elektro-statick\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f<\/strong><\/a>St\u00e1hnout<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Elektrostatick\u00fd n\u00e1boj je fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed veli\u010dina, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 energie<\/strong>. K vytvo\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1boje je nutn\u00e1 interakce mezi dv\u011bma p\u0159edm\u011bty, nej\u010dast\u011bji pomoc\u00ed t\u0159en\u00ed. P\u0159edm\u011bty mohou m\u00edt pevn\u00e9 i kapaln\u00e9 skupenstv\u00ed. Elektrostatick\u00fd n\u00e1boj se d\u00e1 vytvo\u0159it i t\u0159en\u00edm dlan\u00ed o sebe \u010di p\u0159i \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"pohled<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"sch\u00e9ma<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\n
\"\"<\/a>
pohled ze strany spoj\u016f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
pohled ze strany spoj\u016f 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
pohled ze strany sou\u010d\u00e1stek<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
osazen\u00e1 deska<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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el. parametr vzduchu, ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd po\u010dtem a pohyblivost\u00ed ve vzduchu existuj\u00edc\u00edch nosi\u010d\u016f el. n\u00e1boje, tj. iont\u016f. Elektrickou vodivost vzduchu poprv\u00e9 zjistil Ch. A. Coulomb (1795), vysv\u011btlena byla koncem 19. stolet\u00ed J. P. L. J. Elsterem a H. F. Geitelem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na hustot\u011b iont\u016f a roste p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b s v\u00fd\u0161kou. Ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 18 km je vodivost asi o dva \u0159\u00e1dy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u zem\u011b. Ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 50 km nad zem\u00ed m\u00e1 vzduch tak vysokou vodivost, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n za dobr\u00fd vodi\u010d. Elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj, kter\u00fd dos\u00e1hne t\u00e9to v\u00fd\u0161e, se proto rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozd\u011bl\u00ed okolo zem\u011bkoule. Modelov\u011b si lze s jist\u00fdm zjednodu\u0161en\u00edm p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee atmosf\u00e9rave v\u00fd\u0161ce nad 50 km a povrch Zem\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed jakoby dv\u011b desky koncentrick\u00e9ho kulov\u00e9ho kondenz\u00e1toru. Za klidn\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, tj. za jasn\u00e9 oblohy nebo p\u0159i mal\u00e9 obla\u010dnosti beze sr\u00e1\u017eek, mlhy, siln\u00e9ho v\u011btru apod., m\u00e1 zemsk\u00fd povrch z\u00e1porn\u00fd a atmosf\u00e9ra p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed kladn\u00fd n\u00e1boj. Elektrick\u00e9 pole v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e se p\u0159i tomto rozlo\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1boje pova\u017euje za kladn\u00e9. Pr\u016fm. elektrick\u00fd gradient klidn\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je u zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu asi 130 V.m\u20131, hustota n\u00e1boje na povrchu zem\u011b je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b1,1 . 10\u20139 C.m\u20132, tak\u017ee celkov\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd n\u00e1boj zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu je asi 0,5 mili\u00f3nu C. Hustota elektrick\u00e9ho proudu mezi povrchem zem\u011b a horn\u00ed vrstvou atmosf\u00e9ry se odhaduje p\u0159i klidn\u00e9m ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na 3.10\u201312 A.m\u20132, co\u017e pro cel\u00fd zemsk\u00fd povrch p\u0159edstavuje asi 1500 A. Tato hodnota v\u0161ak nen\u00ed dosahov\u00e1na v re\u00e1ln\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, nebo\u0165 asi polovina Zem\u011b je zahalena oblaky. Elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu vzr\u016fst\u00e1 s v\u00fd\u0161kou, av\u0161ak vertik\u00e1ln\u011b tekouc\u00ed elektrick\u00fd proud z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 s v\u00fd\u0161kou prakticky konstantn\u00ed, z \u010deho\u017e vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee el. gradient s v\u00fd\u0161kou kles\u00e1, a je tud\u00ed\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i zemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu roste s v\u00fd\u0161kou, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159i atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 ionizaci. Ur\u010dit\u00fd dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed vliv v\u0161ak m\u00e1 i radioaktin\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, pop\u0159. p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b nad 60 km lze u\u017e vzduch pova\u017eovat za tak\u0159ka dokonale vodiv\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v bl\u00edzkosti zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu je elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu velmi mal\u00e1. Na elektrick\u00e9 vodivosti vzduchu se pod\u00edlej\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mal\u00e9 ionty, p\u0159edstavovan\u00e9 ionizovan\u00fdmi molekulami nebo shluky n\u011bkolika molekul nesouc\u00edmi nej\u010dast\u011bji jeden element\u00e1rn\u00ed n\u00e1boj. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed elektricky nabit\u00e9 aerosolov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k elektrick\u00e9 vodivosti vzduchu jen m\u00e1lo, nebo\u0165 jsou v el. poli relativn\u011b m\u00e1lo pohybliv\u00e9. Nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aerosolov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice naopak ve vzduchu zachycuj\u00ed mal\u00e9 ionty, a t\u00edm tyto nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nositele proudu vy\u0159azuj\u00ed. Elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu je proto siln\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eena nap\u0159. ve zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m vzduchu pod zadr\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmi vrstvami a v oblac\u00edch nebo mlh\u00e1ch, kde jsou mal\u00e9 ionty zachycov\u00e1ny vodn\u00edmi kapi\u010dkami a ledov\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi. Obecn\u011b je elektrick\u00e1 vodivost vzduchu nad oce\u00e1ny v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve v\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edm vzduchu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010c\u00edm je su\u0161\u0161\u00ed vzduch, t\u00edm m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed izola\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty a t\u00edm v\u00edce se materi\u00e1ly a p\u0159edm\u011bty p\u0159i t\u0159en\u00ed nab\u00edjej\u00ed<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i otev\u0159en\u00ed plastov\u00e9ho s\u00e1\u010dku v extr\u00e9mn\u011b such\u00e9m vzduchu s relativn\u00ed vlhkost\u00ed 10 a\u017e 20 % m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed a\u017e 20 000 volt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pomoc\u00ed tohoto jednoduch\u00e9ho detektoru lze sledovat jak se m\u011bn\u00ed nabit\u00e9 n\u00e1boje ve vzduchu s p\u0159\u00edchodem bou\u0159ky, na rozd\u00edl od stavu kdy je sucho a teplo a vzduch m\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017eenou vlhkost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Na t\u00e9ma statick\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina se d\u00e1 dohledat mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch st\u0159edo\u0161kolsk\u00fdch prac\u00ed, r\u016fzn\u00e9 studie apod. D\u00e1le se lze do\u010d\u00edst informace na toto t\u00e9ma i na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch chmi.cz v meteorologick\u00e9m slovn\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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DETEKTOR ELEKTRO-STATICK\u00c9 ELEKT\u0158INY VE VZDUCHU A VSUDE KOLEM N\u00c1S Zapojen\u00ed funguje jednodu\u0161e. P\u0159es rezistor u ant\u00e9ny se omez\u00ed v\u00fdkon n\u00e1boje, kter\u00fd je n\u00e1sledn\u011b zes\u00edlen 3 tranzistory v Darlingtonovu zapojen\u00ed ( zes\u00edlen\u00ed tranzistor\u016f se n\u00e1sob\u00ed ) – ( 3x NPN pro kladn\u00e9 n\u00e1boje a 3x PNP pro z\u00e1porn\u00e9 n\u00e1boje ) a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4073,"parent":3770,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4068"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4068"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4068\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4098,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4068\/revisions\/4098"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3770"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4073"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvelektronika.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}